Mental health and psychosocial risks are widespread in maritime shipping and are closely linked to the structural conditions of seafaring:. there is a mental health crisis at sea, marked by concerning rates of depression (25 percent), anxiety (17 percent) and suicidal ideation (20 percent) among surveyed seafarers.
Seafarers often work in isolated, confined environments for extended periods, separated from family and support networks. This isolation, combined with a non-caring work culture, long working hours, fatigue and high safety responsibilities, a lack of training and the occurrence of notable high-risk periods during an extension of a voyage, or any voyage involving proximity to or traversing of war or conflict zones, contributes to stress, anxiety, depression and other mental health challenges. The Maritime Labour Convention recognises the importance of decent living and working conditions, including rest, communication and welfare. However, in practice, these protections are often inadequate, particularly on vessels operating under Flags of Convenience where oversight may be weak. Limited access to shore leave, poor onboard conditions and lack of connectivity can exacerbate feelings of isolation and distress.
Psychosocial risks are further intensified by hierarchical work structures, job insecurity and fear of retaliation. Seafarers may be reluctant to report mental health concerns or unsafe conditions due to stigma or concerns about future employment. In some cases, violence, harassment and discrimination may also contribute to psychological harm.
The Maritime Labour Convention recognises the importance of decent living and working conditions, including rest, communication and welfare. However, in practice, these protections are often inadequate, particularly on ships operating under Flags of Convenience where oversight may be weak. Limited access to shore leave, poor onboard conditions and lack of connectivity can exacerbate feelings of isolation and distress.
Mental health risks are not isolated issues but are deeply interconnected with other labour and operational risks. Addressing them requires training for seafarers on mental health and wellbeing, recognising the role of work organisation, living conditions and worker voice in shaping wellbeing, and ensuring that seafarers have access to support, protection and effective representation.