Artificial intelligence (AI), automation and alternative fuels are transforming maritime shipping, and creating new and often under-recognised risks for seafarers. These risks arise when technological change is implemented without adequate safeguards, training or meaningful engagement with workers and their representatives.
AI and digital systems increasingly monitor performance, optimise routes and manage operations. While these tools can improve efficiency, they also intensify workloads, increase surveillance and reduce autonomy. Algorithmic management systems can impose unrealistic performance targets or make decisions without transparency or human oversight, driving fatigue, stress and unsafe working practices. Seafarers may have limited ability to challenge automated decisions or report concerns, particularly in hierarchical environments.
Automation and digitalisation also lead to workforce reductions and changed job roles, increasing workload and pressure on the crew that remains. ITF research shows that where worker expertise is excluded, safety margins narrow and critical operational knowledge is lost, creating new risks that are harder to see. Where training is insufficient, seafarers are required to operate new systems or technologies without adequate preparation, raising safety risks.
The transition to new fuels – such as LNG, ammonia or hydrogen – introduces additional occupational hazards. These fuels present heightened risks of toxicity, flammability or explosion, requiring specialised handling, equipment and emergency procedures. Without proper training and regulation, the consequences for seafarers’ safety and health are severe. These risks are compounded where commercial pressures prioritise rapid implementation over safety and where worker input is excluded.
For more on new technology, fatigue and working hours and mental health and psychosocial risk, see the Risks Across Transport guidance.