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Warehouse workers experience violence and harassment from supervisors, colleagues, security personnel, delivery drivers and contractors. Women workers, migrant workers and young workers may face heightened risks. 

Harassment takes many forms, including verbal abuse, intimidation, bullying or sexual

Warehouse work is increasingly shaped by complex supply chains, where subcontracting, precarious employment and lone working create distinct risks for workers. 

Rapid growth in e-commerce and just-in-time delivery has driven widespread outsourcing and short-term contracts, resulting in insecure jobs

Warehousing operations increasingly rely on digital technologies such as warehouse management systems, wearable devices, robotics and algorithmic performance monitoring. 

While these technologies can improve efficiency, they introduce new labour risks. 

Algorithmic management systems track worker

Warehouse operations present a range of occupational safety and health risks that are closely linked to subcontracting, precarious employment, and isolation and lone working. 

Fragmented contracting models obscure responsibility for safety standards, leading to inconsistent implementation of safety

Access to sanitation is a basic human right, protected under international and national regulation. 

In warehouse environments, workers may face barriers to accessing toilets, drinking water and hygiene facilities due to strict productivity targets or limited availability. 

Productivity monitoring

Mental health and psychosocial risks are critical issues in road transport. 

Drivers face extreme pressure in the form of low pay, long hours, job insecurity and unsafe workplaces, which endanger lives every day. 

The ILO Guidelines underline that the organisation of work – characterised by long hours

Ergonomic and design-related risks are a significant concern for drivers, with long-term consequences for health, safety and job sustainability. 

Women face particular risk because standard cabin ergonomics and safety equipment are designed for the average male physique. The ILO Guidelines highlight

Extreme weather events and rising temperatures driven by climate change are a growing human rights risk affecting drivers' rights, safety and dignity. 

Severe physical exhaustion, dehydration and cognitive impairment resulting from extreme heat can significantly increase the risk of road accidents

Fatigue is a cumulative risk arising from long hours, irregular schedules, disrupted circadian rhythms, interrupted breaks, poor road conditions and inadequate rest areas – and in road transport it is systematically built into the job. 

Cost-cutting passes from transport buyers to suppliers and

Complex subcontracting chains create significant human rights risks for truck drivers, generating a race to the bottom on costs and a lack of visibility in fragmented, multi-tier subcontracting chains. 

Multi-tiered contracting also often leads to ‘value leakage’, where each subcontractor in the