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More than 80 percent of world trade is carried by sea. But shipping remains rife with human and labour rights risks and abuses: whether a company relies on bulk import or export, sourced raw materials or components, or container ships to distribute finished products, it must investigate how its

Fair wages, safe working conditions and decent living standards are the foundation of resilient transport supply chains. 

When grounded in freedom of association and collective bargaining, they drive improved job quality, workforce stability and operational reliability. 

Trade unions play a critical

Restrictions on freedom of association and collective bargaining are systemic risks across transport supply chains, that undermine every other human and labour right. 

Subcontracting, fragmented employment relationships and the widespread use of non-standard forms of employment in transport prevent

Discrimination is when a person is treated unfairly or less favourably than others because of who they are or their personal characteristics. 

It is a systemic risk across transport, affecting access to decent work, fair treatment and equal opportunity. Workers face discrimination on grounds of

Automation, artificial intelligence, algorithmic management and digitisation are transforming how transport work is organised, controlled and performed across global supply chains. 

Risks arise when new technology is deployed without meaningful worker involvement. Algorithmic management systems and

Violence and harassment are systemic risks across transport supply chains that disproportionately affect women. 

These abuses undermine safety, health and dignity, restrict access to decent work and expose companies to serious legal, operational and reputational damage – yet they are often normalised

Access to safe, clean and appropriate sanitation facilities is an established human right. 

Denying it exposes workers to preventable illness, undermines safety, equality and dignity, drives workforce shortages and systemic gender inequality, and exposes companies to legal and reputational risk. 

High

Forced labour and human trafficking are among the most severe human and labour rights violations, prohibited under international law, the ILO forced labour conventions and many national level laws. Transport buyers and suppliers face serious legal, operational and reputational consequences where

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Systemic risks in transport are driven by how work is organised – across mobile workplaces, isolated environments and fragmented subcontracting chains. 

These factors can obscure accountability, limit oversight and increase companies’ exposure to human rights risks across their supply chains.