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Seafarers always work within a crew, yet isolation is particularly pronounced in maritime shipping. 

Voyages run up to the Maritime Labour Convention maximum of 11 months. Isolation is matched by confinement, with seafarers working and living in their workplace, under the employer’s control, with

Maritime shipping is inherently global and mobile. 

Seafarers travel from their home countries to ports of departure overseas, then embark on voyages along global trade routes across multiple jurisdictions, climates and time zones. 

The systemic gaps in the protection of seafarers’ human and labour

Attracting, recruiting and retaining adequate workforce levels across some transport sectors has become a persistent challenge. 

The shortages that follow are driven by a lack of decent work and declining employment conditions, deregulation, weak enforcement, unfair competition and sustained downward

Across transport supply chains, risks relating to remuneration, pay and access to social protection are systemic – closely linked to subcontracting, non-standard forms of employment and commercial pressures. 

Many remuneration structures, including piece-rate or productivity-based pay do not account