The sector's fragmented, mobile and cross-border nature undermines freedom of association and collective bargaining. The widespread misclassification and informalisation of drivers create a systemic barrier that legally prevents or inhibits workers from joining unions or engaging in collective negotiations. Geographical isolation also exacerbates this, as do digital platforms that further isolate drivers and make it difficult for them to join a trade union. Migrant and non-national workers face additional legal barriers, or fear that union activity could jeopardise their work permits and residency status.
The absence of effective worker representation and social dialogue is itself a risk factor. Where workers are not organised or unions are excluded, companies may lack reliable information about conditions on the ground, and struggle to ensure effective, sustained remediation. Collective bargaining is the only proven way to ensure that transport rates are high enough to cover legal wages and safety costs – without it companies cannot effectively enforce human rights across the supply chain.
For more on freedom of association and collective bargaining, see the Risks Across Transport guidance